Mercurial > kallithea
annotate docs/overview.rst @ 8054:79ca7a9fdb6e
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author | Mads Kiilerich <mads@kiilerich.com> |
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date | Thu, 26 Dec 2019 06:02:37 +0100 |
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1 .. _overview: |
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2 |
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3 ===================== |
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4 Installation overview |
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5 ===================== |
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6 |
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7 Some overview and some details that can help understanding the options when |
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8 installing Kallithea. |
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9 |
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10 |
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11 Python environment |
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12 ------------------ |
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13 |
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14 **Kallithea** is written entirely in Python_ and requires Python version |
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15 2.7 or higher. Python 3.x is currently not supported. |
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16 |
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17 Given a Python installation, there are different ways of providing the |
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18 environment for running Python applications. Each of them pretty much |
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19 corresponds to a ``site-packages`` directory somewhere where packages can be |
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20 installed. |
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21 |
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22 Kallithea itself can be run from source or be installed, but even when running |
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23 from source, there are some dependencies that must be installed in the Python |
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24 environment used for running Kallithea. |
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25 |
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26 - Packages *could* be installed in Python's ``site-packages`` directory ... but |
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27 that would require running pip_ as root and it would be hard to uninstall or |
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28 upgrade and is probably not a good idea unless using a package manager. |
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29 |
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30 - Packages could also be installed in ``~/.local`` ... but that is probably |
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31 only a good idea if using a dedicated user per application or instance. |
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32 |
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33 - Finally, it can be installed in a virtualenv_. That is a very lightweight |
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34 "container" where each Kallithea instance can get its own dedicated and |
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35 self-contained virtual environment. |
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36 |
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37 We recommend using virtualenv for installing Kallithea. |
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38 |
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39 |
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40 Locale environment |
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41 ------------------ |
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42 |
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43 In order to ensure a correct functioning of Kallithea with respect to non-ASCII |
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44 characters in user names, file paths, commit messages, etc., it is very |
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45 important that Kallithea is run with a correct `locale` configuration. |
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46 |
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47 On Unix, environment variables like ``LANG`` or ``LC_ALL`` can specify a language (like |
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48 ``en_US``) and encoding (like ``UTF-8``) to use for code points outside the ASCII |
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49 range. The flexibility of supporting multiple encodings of Unicode has the flip |
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50 side of having to specify which encoding to use - especially for Mercurial. |
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51 |
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52 It depends on the OS distribution and system configuration which locales are |
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53 available. For example, some Docker containers based on Debian default to only |
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54 supporting the ``C`` language, while other Linux environments have ``en_US`` but not |
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55 ``C``. The ``locale -a`` command will show which values are available on the |
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56 current system. Regardless of the actual language, you should normally choose a |
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57 locale that has the ``UTF-8`` encoding (note that spellings ``utf8``, ``utf-8``, |
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58 ``UTF8``, ``UTF-8`` are all referring to the same thing) |
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59 |
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60 For technical reasons, the locale configuration **must** be provided in the |
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61 environment in which Kallithea runs - it cannot be specified in the ``.ini`` file. |
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62 How to practically do this depends on the web server that is used and the way it |
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63 is started. For example, gearbox is often started by a normal user, either |
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64 manually or via a script. In this case, the required locale environment |
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65 variables can be provided directly in that user's environment or in the script. |
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66 However, web servers like Apache are often started at boot via an init script or |
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67 service file. Modifying the environment for this case would thus require |
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68 root/administrator privileges. Moreover, that environment would dictate the |
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69 settings for all web services running under that web server, Kallithea being |
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70 just one of them. Specifically in the case of Apache with ``mod_wsgi``, the |
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71 locale can be set for a specific service in its ``WSGIDaemonProcess`` directive, |
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72 using the ``lang`` parameter. |
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73 |
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74 |
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75 Installation methods |
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76 -------------------- |
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77 |
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78 Kallithea must be installed on a server. Kallithea is installed in a Python |
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79 environment so it can use packages that are installed there and make itself |
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80 available for other packages. |
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81 |
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82 Two different cases will pretty much cover the options for how it can be |
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83 installed. |
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84 |
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85 - The Kallithea source repository can be cloned and used -- it is kept stable and |
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86 can be used in production. The Kallithea maintainers use the development |
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87 branch in production. The advantage of installation from source and regularly |
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88 updating it is that you take advantage of the most recent improvements. Using |
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89 it directly from a DVCS also means that it is easy to track local customizations. |
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90 |
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91 Running ``pip install -e .`` in the source will use pip to install the |
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92 necessary dependencies in the Python environment and create a |
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93 ``.../site-packages/Kallithea.egg-link`` file there that points at the Kallithea |
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94 source. |
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95 |
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96 - Kallithea can also be installed from ready-made packages using a package manager. |
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97 The official released versions are available on PyPI_ and can be downloaded and |
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98 installed with all dependencies using ``pip install kallithea``. |
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99 |
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100 With this method, Kallithea is installed in the Python environment as any |
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101 other package, usually as a ``.../site-packages/Kallithea-X-py2.7.egg/`` |
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102 directory with Python files and everything else that is needed. |
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103 |
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104 (``pip install kallithea`` from a source tree will do pretty much the same |
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105 but build the Kallithea package itself locally instead of downloading it.) |
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106 |
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107 .. note:: |
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108 Kallithea includes front-end code that needs to be processed first. |
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109 The tool npm_ is used to download external dependencies and orchestrate the |
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110 processing. The ``npm`` binary must thus be available. |
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111 |
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112 |
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113 Web server |
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114 ---------- |
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115 |
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116 Kallithea is (primarily) a WSGI_ application that must be run from a web |
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117 server that serves WSGI applications over HTTP. |
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118 |
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119 Kallithea itself is not serving HTTP (or HTTPS); that is the web server's |
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120 responsibility. Kallithea does however need to know its own user facing URL |
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121 (protocol, address, port and path) for each HTTP request. Kallithea will |
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122 usually use its own HTML/cookie based authentication but can also be configured |
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123 to use web server authentication. |
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124 |
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125 There are several web server options: |
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126 |
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127 - Kallithea uses the Gearbox_ tool as command line interface. Gearbox provides |
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128 ``gearbox serve`` as a convenient way to launch a Python WSGI / web server |
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129 from the command line. That is perfect for development and evaluation. |
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130 Actual use in production might have different requirements and need extra |
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131 work to make it manageable as a scalable system service. |
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132 |
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133 Gearbox comes with its own built-in web server but Kallithea defaults to use |
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134 Waitress_. Gunicorn_ is also an option. These web servers have different |
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135 limited feature sets. |
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136 |
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137 The web server used by ``gearbox`` is configured in the ``.ini`` file passed |
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138 to it. The entry point for the WSGI application is configured |
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139 in ``setup.py`` as ``kallithea.config.middleware:make_app``. |
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140 |
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141 - `Apache httpd`_ can serve WSGI applications directly using mod_wsgi_ and a |
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142 simple Python file with the necessary configuration. This is a good option if |
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143 Apache is an option. |
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144 |
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145 - uWSGI_ is also a full web server with built-in WSGI module. |
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146 |
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147 - IIS_ can also server WSGI applications directly using isapi-wsgi_. |
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148 |
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149 - A `reverse HTTP proxy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy>`_ |
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150 can be put in front of another web server which has WSGI support. |
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151 Such a layered setup can be complex but might in some cases be the right |
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152 option, for example to standardize on one internet-facing web server, to add |
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153 encryption or special authentication or for other security reasons, to |
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154 provide caching of static files, or to provide load balancing or fail-over. |
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155 Nginx_, Varnish_ and HAProxy_ are often used for this purpose, often in front |
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156 of a ``gearbox serve`` that somehow is wrapped as a service. |
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157 |
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158 The best option depends on what you are familiar with and the requirements for |
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159 performance and stability. Also, keep in mind that Kallithea mainly is serving |
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160 dynamically generated pages from a relatively slow Python process. Kallithea is |
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161 also often used inside organizations with a limited amount of users and thus no |
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162 continuous hammering from the internet. |
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163 |
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164 |
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165 .. _Python: http://www.python.org/ |
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166 .. _Gunicorn: http://gunicorn.org/ |
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167 .. _Waitress: http://waitress.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ |
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168 .. _virtualenv: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv |
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169 .. _Gearbox: http://turbogears.readthedocs.io/en/latest/turbogears/gearbox.html |
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170 .. _PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi |
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171 .. _Apache httpd: http://httpd.apache.org/ |
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172 .. _mod_wsgi: https://code.google.com/p/modwsgi/ |
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173 .. _isapi-wsgi: https://github.com/hexdump42/isapi-wsgi |
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174 .. _uWSGI: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.org/en/latest/ |
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175 .. _nginx: http://nginx.org/en/ |
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176 .. _iis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services |
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177 .. _pip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_%28package_manager%29 |
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178 .. _WSGI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface |
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179 .. _HAProxy: http://www.haproxy.org/ |
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180 .. _Varnish: https://www.varnish-cache.org/ |
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181 .. _npm: https://www.npmjs.com/ |