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author Mads Kiilerich <mads@kiilerich.com>
date Mon, 12 Dec 2022 23:01:11 +0100
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1 .. _overview:
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2
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3 =====================
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4 Installation overview
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5 =====================
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6
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7 Some overview and some details that can help understanding the options when
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8 installing Kallithea.
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9
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10 1. **Prepare environment and external dependencies.**
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11 Kallithea needs:
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12
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13 * A filesystem where the Mercurial and Git repositories can be stored.
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14 * A database where meta data can be stored.
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15 * A Python environment where the Kallithea application and its dependencies
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16 can be installed.
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17 * A web server that can host the Kallithea web application using the WSGI
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18 API.
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19
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20 2. **Install Kallithea software.**
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21 This makes the ``kallithea-cli`` command line tool available.
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22
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23 3. **Prepare front-end files**
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24 Some front-end files must be fetched or created using ``npm`` and ``node``
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25 tooling so they can be served to the client as static files.
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26
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27 4. **Create low level configuration file.**
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28 Use ``kallithea-cli config-create`` to create a ``.ini`` file with database
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29 connection info, mail server information, configuration for the specified
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30 web server, etc.
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31
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32 5. **Populate the database.**
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33 Use ``kallithea-cli db-create`` with the ``.ini`` file to create the
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34 database schema and insert the most basic information: the location of the
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35 repository store and an initial local admin user.
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36
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37 6. **Configure the web server.**
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38 The web server must invoke the WSGI entrypoint for the Kallithea software
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39 using the ``.ini`` file (and thus the database). This makes the web
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40 application available so the local admin user can log in and tweak the
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41 configuration further.
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42
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43 7. **Configure users.**
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44 The initial admin user can create additional local users, or configure how
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45 users can be created and authenticated from other user directories.
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46
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47 See the subsequent sections, the separate OS-specific instructions, and
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48 :ref:`setup` for details on these steps.
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49
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50
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51 File system location
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52 --------------------
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53
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54 Kallithea can be installed in many different ways. The main parts are:
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55
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56 - A location for the Kallithea software and its dependencies. This includes
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57 the Python code, template files, and front-end code. After installation, this
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58 will be read-only (except when upgrading).
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59
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60 - A location for the ``.ini`` configuration file that tells the Kallithea
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61 instance which database to use (and thus also the repository location).
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62 After installation, this will be read-only (except when upgrading).
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63
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64 - A location for various data files and caches for the Kallithea instance. This
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65 is by default in a ``data`` directory next to the ``.ini`` file. This will
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66 have to be writable by the running Kallithea service.
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67
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68 - A database. The ``.ini`` file specifies which database to use. The database
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69 will be a separate service and live elsewhere in the filesystem if using
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70 PostgreSQL or MariaDB/MySQL. If using SQLite, it will by default live next to
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71 the ``.ini`` file, as ``kallithea.db``.
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72
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73 - A location for the repositories that are hosted by this Kallithea instance.
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74 This will have to be writable by the running Kallithea service. The path to
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75 this location will be configured in the database.
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76
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77 For production setups, one recommendation is to use ``/srv/kallithea`` for the
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78 ``.ini`` and ``data``, place the virtualenv in ``venv``, and use a Kallithea
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79 clone in ``kallithea``. Create a ``kallithea`` user, let it own
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80 ``/srv/kallithea``, and run as that user when installing.
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81
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82 For simple setups, it is fine to just use something like a ``kallithea`` user
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83 with home in ``/home/kallithea`` and place everything there.
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84
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85 For experiments, it might be convenient to run everything as yourself and work
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86 inside a clone of Kallithea, with the ``.ini`` and SQLite database in the root
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87 of the clone, and a virtualenv in ``venv``.
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89
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90 Python environment
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91 ------------------
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92
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93 **Kallithea** is written entirely in Python_ and requires Python version
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94 3.6 or higher.
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95
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96 Given a Python installation, there are different ways of providing the
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97 environment for running Python applications. Each of them pretty much
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98 corresponds to a ``site-packages`` directory somewhere where packages can be
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99 installed.
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100
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101 Kallithea itself can be run from source or be installed, but even when running
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102 from source, there are some dependencies that must be installed in the Python
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103 environment used for running Kallithea.
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104
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105 - Packages *could* be installed in Python's ``site-packages`` directory ... but
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106 that would require running pip_ as root and it would be hard to uninstall or
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107 upgrade and is probably not a good idea unless using a package manager.
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108
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109 - Packages could also be installed in ``~/.local`` ... but that is probably
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110 only a good idea if using a dedicated user per application or instance.
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111
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112 - Finally, it can be installed in a virtualenv. That is a very lightweight
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113 "container" where each Kallithea instance can get its own dedicated and
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114 self-contained virtual environment.
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115
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116 We recommend using virtualenv for installing Kallithea.
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117
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118
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119 Locale environment
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120 ------------------
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121
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122 In order to ensure a correct functioning of Kallithea with respect to non-ASCII
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123 characters in user names, file paths, commit messages, etc., it is very
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124 important that Kallithea is run with a correct `locale` configuration.
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125
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126 On Unix, environment variables like ``LANG`` or ``LC_ALL`` can specify a language (like
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127 ``en_US``) and encoding (like ``UTF-8``) to use for code points outside the ASCII
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128 range. The flexibility of supporting multiple encodings of Unicode has the flip
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129 side of having to specify which encoding to use - especially for Mercurial.
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130
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131 It depends on the OS distribution and system configuration which locales are
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132 available. For example, some Docker containers based on Debian default to only
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133 supporting the ``C`` language, while other Linux environments have ``en_US`` but not
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134 ``C``. The ``locale -a`` command will show which values are available on the
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135 current system. Regardless of the actual language, you should normally choose a
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136 locale that has the ``UTF-8`` encoding (note that spellings ``utf8``, ``utf-8``,
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137 ``UTF8``, ``UTF-8`` are all referring to the same thing)
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138
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139 For technical reasons, the locale configuration **must** be provided in the
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140 environment in which Kallithea runs - it cannot be specified in the ``.ini`` file.
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141 How to practically do this depends on the web server that is used and the way it
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142 is started. For example, gearbox is often started by a normal user, either
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143 manually or via a script. In this case, the required locale environment
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144 variables can be provided directly in that user's environment or in the script.
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145 However, web servers like Apache are often started at boot via an init script or
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146 service file. Modifying the environment for this case would thus require
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147 root/administrator privileges. Moreover, that environment would dictate the
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148 settings for all web services running under that web server, Kallithea being
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149 just one of them. Specifically in the case of Apache with ``mod_wsgi``, the
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150 locale can be set for a specific service in its ``WSGIDaemonProcess`` directive,
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151 using the ``lang`` parameter.
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152
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153
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154 Installation methods
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155 --------------------
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156
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157 Kallithea must be installed on a server. Kallithea is installed in a Python
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158 environment so it can use packages that are installed there and make itself
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159 available for other packages.
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160
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161 Two different cases will pretty much cover the options for how it can be
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162 installed.
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163
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164 - The Kallithea source repository can be cloned and used -- it is kept stable and
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165 can be used in production. The Kallithea maintainers use the development
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166 branch in production. The advantage of installation from source and regularly
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167 updating it is that you take advantage of the most recent improvements. Using
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168 it directly from a DVCS also means that it is easy to track local customizations.
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169
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170 Running ``pip install -e .`` in the source will use pip to install the
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171 necessary dependencies in the Python environment and create a
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172 ``.../site-packages/Kallithea.egg-link`` file there that points at the Kallithea
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173 source.
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174
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175 - Kallithea can also be installed from ready-made packages using a package manager.
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176 The official released versions are available on PyPI_ and can be downloaded and
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177 installed with all dependencies using ``pip install kallithea``.
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178
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179 With this method, Kallithea is installed in the Python environment as any
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180 other package, usually as a ``.../site-packages/Kallithea-X-py3.8.egg/``
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181 directory with Python files and everything else that is needed.
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182
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183 (``pip install kallithea`` from a source tree will do pretty much the same
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184 but build the Kallithea package itself locally instead of downloading it.)
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185
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186 .. note::
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187 Kallithea includes front-end code that needs to be processed to prepare
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188 static files that can be served at run time and used on the client side. The
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189 tool npm_ is used to download external dependencies and orchestrate the
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190 processing. The ``npm`` binary must thus be available at install time but is
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191 not used at run time.
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192
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193
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194 Web server
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195 ----------
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196
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197 Kallithea is (primarily) a WSGI_ application that must be run from a web
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198 server that serves WSGI applications over HTTP.
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199
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200 Kallithea itself is not serving HTTP (or HTTPS); that is the web server's
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201 responsibility. Kallithea does however need to know its own user facing URL
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202 (protocol, address, port and path) for each HTTP request. Kallithea will
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203 usually use its own HTML/cookie based authentication but can also be configured
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204 to use web server authentication.
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205
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206 There are several web server options:
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207
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208 - Kallithea uses the Gearbox_ tool as command line interface. Gearbox provides
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209 ``gearbox serve`` as a convenient way to launch a Python WSGI / web server
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210 from the command line. That is perfect for development and evaluation.
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211 Actual use in production might have different requirements and need extra
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212 work to make it manageable as a scalable system service.
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213
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214 Gearbox comes with its own built-in web server for development but Kallithea
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215 defaults to using Waitress_. Gunicorn_ and Gevent_ are also options. These
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216 web servers have different limited feature sets.
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217
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218 The web server used by ``gearbox serve`` is configured in the ``.ini`` file.
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219 Create it with ``config-create`` using for example ``http_server=waitress``
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220 to get a configuration starting point for your choice of web server.
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221
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222 (Gearbox will do like ``paste`` and use the WSGI application entry point
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223 ``kallithea.config.application:make_app`` as specified in ``setup.py``.)
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224
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225 - `Apache httpd`_ can serve WSGI applications directly using mod_wsgi_ and a
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226 simple Python file with the necessary configuration. This is a good option if
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227 Apache is an option.
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228
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229 - uWSGI_ is also a full web server with built-in WSGI module. Use
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230 ``config-create`` with ``http_server=uwsgi`` to get a ``.ini`` file with
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231 uWSGI configuration.
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232
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233 - IIS_ can also server WSGI applications directly using isapi-wsgi_.
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234
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235 - A `reverse HTTP proxy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy>`_
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236 can be put in front of another web server which has WSGI support.
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237 Such a layered setup can be complex but might in some cases be the right
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238 option, for example to standardize on one internet-facing web server, to add
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239 encryption or special authentication or for other security reasons, to
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240 provide caching of static files, or to provide load balancing or fail-over.
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241 Nginx_, Varnish_ and HAProxy_ are often used for this purpose, often in front
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242 of a ``gearbox serve`` that somehow is wrapped as a service.
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243
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244 The best option depends on what you are familiar with and the requirements for
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245 performance and stability. Also, keep in mind that Kallithea mainly is serving
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246 dynamically generated pages from a relatively slow Python process. Kallithea is
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247 also often used inside organizations with a limited amount of users and thus no
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248 continuous hammering from the internet.
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249
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250 .. note::
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251 Kallithea, the libraries it uses, and Python itself do in several places use
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252 simple caching in memory. Caches and memory are not always released in a way
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253 that is suitable for long-running processes. They might appear to be leaking
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254 memory. The worker processes should thus regularly be restarted - for
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255 example after 1000 requests and/or one hour. This can usually be done by the
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256 web server or the tool used for running it as a system service.
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257
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258
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259 .. _Python: http://www.python.org/
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260 .. _Gunicorn: http://gunicorn.org/
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261 .. _Gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
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262 .. _Waitress: https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/waitress/
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263 .. _Gearbox: https://turbogears.readthedocs.io/en/latest/turbogears/gearbox.html
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264 .. _PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi
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265 .. _Apache httpd: http://httpd.apache.org/
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266 .. _mod_wsgi: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/
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267 .. _isapi-wsgi: https://github.com/hexdump42/isapi-wsgi
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268 .. _uWSGI: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/
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269 .. _nginx: http://nginx.org/en/
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270 .. _iis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services
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271 .. _pip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_%28package_manager%29
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272 .. _WSGI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface
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273 .. _HAProxy: http://www.haproxy.org/
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parents: 5417
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274 .. _Varnish: https://www.varnish-cache.org/
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Thomas De Schampheleire <thomas.de_schampheleire@nokia.com>
parents: 7055
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275 .. _npm: https://www.npmjs.com/