Mercurial > kallithea
annotate docs/overview.rst @ 8681:f66a13a8ab99
routing: move config.routing to kallithea.controllers
Routing doesn't belong in config. Having it there caused unfortunate
dependencies.
We do routing the old way. If we did it the new way, it would be defined in the
root controller. But for now, we just place it next to the root controller.
author | Mads Kiilerich <mads@kiilerich.com> |
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date | Sat, 10 Oct 2020 21:33:42 +0200 |
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1 .. _overview: |
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2 |
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3 ===================== |
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4 Installation overview |
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5 ===================== |
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6 |
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7 Some overview and some details that can help understanding the options when |
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8 installing Kallithea. |
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9 |
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10 1. **Prepare environment and external dependencies.** |
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11 Kallithea needs: |
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12 |
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13 * A filesystem where the Mercurial and Git repositories can be stored. |
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14 * A database where meta data can be stored. |
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15 * A Python environment where the Kallithea application and its dependencies |
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16 can be installed. |
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17 * A web server that can host the Kallithea web application using the WSGI |
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18 API. |
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19 |
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20 2. **Install Kallithea software.** |
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21 This makes the ``kallithea-cli`` command line tool available. |
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22 |
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23 3. **Prepare front-end files** |
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24 Some front-end files must be fetched or created using ``npm`` and ``node`` |
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25 tooling so they can be served to the client as static files. |
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26 |
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27 4. **Create low level configuration file.** |
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28 Use ``kallithea-cli config-create`` to create a ``.ini`` file with database |
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29 connection info, mail server information, configuration for the specified |
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30 web server, etc. |
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31 |
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32 5. **Populate the database.** |
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33 Use ``kallithea-cli db-create`` with the ``.ini`` file to create the |
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34 database schema and insert the most basic information: the location of the |
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35 repository store and an initial local admin user. |
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36 |
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37 6. **Configure the web server.** |
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38 The web server must invoke the WSGI entrypoint for the Kallithea software |
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39 using the ``.ini`` file (and thus the database). This makes the web |
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40 application available so the local admin user can log in and tweak the |
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41 configuration further. |
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42 |
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43 7. **Configure users.** |
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44 The initial admin user can create additional local users, or configure how |
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45 users can be created and authenticated from other user directories. |
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46 |
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47 See the subsequent sections, the separate OS-specific instructions, and |
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48 :ref:`setup` for details on these steps. |
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49 |
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50 |
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51 File system location |
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52 -------------------- |
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53 |
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54 Kallithea can be installed in many different ways. The main parts are: |
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55 |
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56 - A location for the Kallithea software and its dependencies. This includes |
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57 the Python code, template files, and front-end code. After installation, this |
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58 will be read-only (except when upgrading). |
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59 |
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60 - A location for the ``.ini`` configuration file that tells the Kallithea |
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61 instance which database to use (and thus also the repository location). |
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62 After installation, this will be read-only (except when upgrading). |
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63 |
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64 - A location for various data files and caches for the Kallithea instance. This |
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65 is by default in a ``data`` directory next to the ``.ini`` file. This will |
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66 have to be writable by the running Kallithea service. |
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67 |
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68 - A database. The ``.ini`` file specifies which database to use. The database |
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69 will be a separate service and live elsewhere in the filesystem if using |
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70 PostgreSQL or MariaDB/MySQL. If using SQLite, it will by default live next to |
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71 the ``.ini`` file, as ``kallithea.db``. |
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72 |
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73 - A location for the repositories that are hosted by this Kallithea instance. |
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74 This will have to be writable by the running Kallithea service. The path to |
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75 this location will be configured in the database. |
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76 |
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77 For production setups, one recommendation is to use ``/srv/kallithea`` for the |
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78 ``.ini`` and ``data``, place the virtualenv in ``venv``, and use a Kallithea |
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79 clone in ``kallithea``. Create a ``kallithea`` user, let it own |
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80 ``/srv/kallithea``, and run as that user when installing. |
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81 |
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82 For simple setups, it is fine to just use something like a ``kallithea`` user |
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83 with home in ``/home/kallithea`` and place everything there. |
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84 |
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85 For experiments, it might be convenient to run everything as yourself and work |
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86 inside a clone of Kallithea, with the ``.ini`` and SQLite database in the root |
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87 of the clone, and a virtualenv in ``venv``. |
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88 |
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89 |
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90 Python environment |
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91 ------------------ |
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92 |
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93 **Kallithea** is written entirely in Python_ and requires Python version |
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94 3.6 or higher. |
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95 |
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96 Given a Python installation, there are different ways of providing the |
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97 environment for running Python applications. Each of them pretty much |
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98 corresponds to a ``site-packages`` directory somewhere where packages can be |
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99 installed. |
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100 |
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101 Kallithea itself can be run from source or be installed, but even when running |
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102 from source, there are some dependencies that must be installed in the Python |
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103 environment used for running Kallithea. |
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104 |
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105 - Packages *could* be installed in Python's ``site-packages`` directory ... but |
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106 that would require running pip_ as root and it would be hard to uninstall or |
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107 upgrade and is probably not a good idea unless using a package manager. |
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108 |
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109 - Packages could also be installed in ``~/.local`` ... but that is probably |
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110 only a good idea if using a dedicated user per application or instance. |
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111 |
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112 - Finally, it can be installed in a virtualenv. That is a very lightweight |
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113 "container" where each Kallithea instance can get its own dedicated and |
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114 self-contained virtual environment. |
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115 |
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116 We recommend using virtualenv for installing Kallithea. |
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117 |
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118 |
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119 Locale environment |
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120 ------------------ |
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121 |
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122 In order to ensure a correct functioning of Kallithea with respect to non-ASCII |
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123 characters in user names, file paths, commit messages, etc., it is very |
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124 important that Kallithea is run with a correct `locale` configuration. |
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125 |
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126 On Unix, environment variables like ``LANG`` or ``LC_ALL`` can specify a language (like |
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127 ``en_US``) and encoding (like ``UTF-8``) to use for code points outside the ASCII |
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128 range. The flexibility of supporting multiple encodings of Unicode has the flip |
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129 side of having to specify which encoding to use - especially for Mercurial. |
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130 |
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131 It depends on the OS distribution and system configuration which locales are |
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132 available. For example, some Docker containers based on Debian default to only |
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133 supporting the ``C`` language, while other Linux environments have ``en_US`` but not |
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134 ``C``. The ``locale -a`` command will show which values are available on the |
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135 current system. Regardless of the actual language, you should normally choose a |
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136 locale that has the ``UTF-8`` encoding (note that spellings ``utf8``, ``utf-8``, |
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137 ``UTF8``, ``UTF-8`` are all referring to the same thing) |
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138 |
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139 For technical reasons, the locale configuration **must** be provided in the |
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140 environment in which Kallithea runs - it cannot be specified in the ``.ini`` file. |
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141 How to practically do this depends on the web server that is used and the way it |
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142 is started. For example, gearbox is often started by a normal user, either |
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143 manually or via a script. In this case, the required locale environment |
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144 variables can be provided directly in that user's environment or in the script. |
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145 However, web servers like Apache are often started at boot via an init script or |
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146 service file. Modifying the environment for this case would thus require |
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147 root/administrator privileges. Moreover, that environment would dictate the |
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148 settings for all web services running under that web server, Kallithea being |
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149 just one of them. Specifically in the case of Apache with ``mod_wsgi``, the |
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150 locale can be set for a specific service in its ``WSGIDaemonProcess`` directive, |
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151 using the ``lang`` parameter. |
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152 |
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153 |
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154 Installation methods |
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155 -------------------- |
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156 |
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157 Kallithea must be installed on a server. Kallithea is installed in a Python |
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158 environment so it can use packages that are installed there and make itself |
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159 available for other packages. |
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160 |
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161 Two different cases will pretty much cover the options for how it can be |
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162 installed. |
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163 |
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164 - The Kallithea source repository can be cloned and used -- it is kept stable and |
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165 can be used in production. The Kallithea maintainers use the development |
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166 branch in production. The advantage of installation from source and regularly |
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167 updating it is that you take advantage of the most recent improvements. Using |
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168 it directly from a DVCS also means that it is easy to track local customizations. |
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169 |
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170 Running ``pip install -e .`` in the source will use pip to install the |
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171 necessary dependencies in the Python environment and create a |
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172 ``.../site-packages/Kallithea.egg-link`` file there that points at the Kallithea |
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173 source. |
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174 |
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175 - Kallithea can also be installed from ready-made packages using a package manager. |
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176 The official released versions are available on PyPI_ and can be downloaded and |
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177 installed with all dependencies using ``pip install kallithea``. |
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178 |
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179 With this method, Kallithea is installed in the Python environment as any |
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180 other package, usually as a ``.../site-packages/Kallithea-X-py3.8.egg/`` |
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181 directory with Python files and everything else that is needed. |
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182 |
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183 (``pip install kallithea`` from a source tree will do pretty much the same |
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184 but build the Kallithea package itself locally instead of downloading it.) |
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185 |
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186 .. note:: |
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187 Kallithea includes front-end code that needs to be processed to prepare |
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188 static files that can be served at run time and used on the client side. The |
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189 tool npm_ is used to download external dependencies and orchestrate the |
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190 processing. The ``npm`` binary must thus be available at install time but is |
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191 not used at run time. |
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192 |
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193 |
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194 Web server |
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195 ---------- |
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196 |
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197 Kallithea is (primarily) a WSGI_ application that must be run from a web |
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198 server that serves WSGI applications over HTTP. |
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199 |
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200 Kallithea itself is not serving HTTP (or HTTPS); that is the web server's |
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201 responsibility. Kallithea does however need to know its own user facing URL |
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202 (protocol, address, port and path) for each HTTP request. Kallithea will |
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203 usually use its own HTML/cookie based authentication but can also be configured |
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204 to use web server authentication. |
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205 |
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206 There are several web server options: |
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207 |
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208 - Kallithea uses the Gearbox_ tool as command line interface. Gearbox provides |
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209 ``gearbox serve`` as a convenient way to launch a Python WSGI / web server |
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210 from the command line. That is perfect for development and evaluation. |
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211 Actual use in production might have different requirements and need extra |
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212 work to make it manageable as a scalable system service. |
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213 |
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214 Gearbox comes with its own built-in web server for development but Kallithea |
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215 defaults to using Waitress_. Gunicorn_ and Gevent_ are also options. These |
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216 web servers have different limited feature sets. |
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217 |
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218 The web server used by ``gearbox serve`` is configured in the ``.ini`` file. |
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219 Create it with ``config-create`` using for example ``http_server=waitress`` |
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220 to get a configuration starting point for your choice of web server. |
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221 |
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222 (Gearbox will do like ``paste`` and use the WSGI application entry point |
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223 ``kallithea.config.application:make_app`` as specified in ``setup.py``.) |
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224 |
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225 - `Apache httpd`_ can serve WSGI applications directly using mod_wsgi_ and a |
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226 simple Python file with the necessary configuration. This is a good option if |
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227 Apache is an option. |
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228 |
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229 - uWSGI_ is also a full web server with built-in WSGI module. Use |
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230 ``config-create`` with ``http_server=uwsgi`` to get a ``.ini`` file with |
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231 uWSGI configuration. |
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232 |
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233 - IIS_ can also server WSGI applications directly using isapi-wsgi_. |
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234 |
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235 - A `reverse HTTP proxy <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_proxy>`_ |
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236 can be put in front of another web server which has WSGI support. |
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237 Such a layered setup can be complex but might in some cases be the right |
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238 option, for example to standardize on one internet-facing web server, to add |
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239 encryption or special authentication or for other security reasons, to |
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240 provide caching of static files, or to provide load balancing or fail-over. |
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241 Nginx_, Varnish_ and HAProxy_ are often used for this purpose, often in front |
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242 of a ``gearbox serve`` that somehow is wrapped as a service. |
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243 |
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244 The best option depends on what you are familiar with and the requirements for |
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245 performance and stability. Also, keep in mind that Kallithea mainly is serving |
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246 dynamically generated pages from a relatively slow Python process. Kallithea is |
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247 also often used inside organizations with a limited amount of users and thus no |
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248 continuous hammering from the internet. |
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249 |
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250 .. note:: |
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251 Kallithea, the libraries it uses, and Python itself do in several places use |
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252 simple caching in memory. Caches and memory are not always released in a way |
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253 that is suitable for long-running processes. They might appear to be leaking |
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254 memory. The worker processes should thus regularly be restarted - for |
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255 example after 1000 requests and/or one hour. This can usually be done by the |
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256 web server or the tool used for running it as a system service. |
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257 |
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258 |
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259 .. _Python: http://www.python.org/ |
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260 .. _Gunicorn: http://gunicorn.org/ |
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261 .. _Gevent: http://www.gevent.org/ |
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262 .. _Waitress: https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/waitress/ |
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263 .. _Gearbox: https://turbogears.readthedocs.io/en/latest/turbogears/gearbox.html |
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264 .. _PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi |
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265 .. _Apache httpd: http://httpd.apache.org/ |
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266 .. _mod_wsgi: https://modwsgi.readthedocs.io/ |
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267 .. _isapi-wsgi: https://github.com/hexdump42/isapi-wsgi |
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268 .. _uWSGI: https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/ |
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269 .. _nginx: http://nginx.org/en/ |
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270 .. _iis: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services |
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271 .. _pip: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pip_%28package_manager%29 |
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272 .. _WSGI: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface |
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273 .. _HAProxy: http://www.haproxy.org/ |
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274 .. _Varnish: https://www.varnish-cache.org/ |
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275 .. _npm: https://www.npmjs.com/ |